Early America pre-1766
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Bering Strait land bridge-
As of 2008, genetic findings suggest that a single population of modern humans migrated from southern Siberia toward the land mass known as the Bering Land Bridge as early as 30,000 years ago, and crossed over to the Americas by 16,500 years ago.
Leif Erikson - 980 AD- story- it was just Canada
2
1492- Christopher Columbus discovers America but not USA
1497- John Cabot
Cabot is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian and as John Cabot in English. Historians had thought that, on arrival in England, Cabot went to Bristol, a major maritime centre, to seek financial backers. ... free authority, faculty and power to sail to all parts, regions and coasts of the eastern, western and northern sea, under our banners, flags and ensigns, with five ships or vessels of whatsoever burden and quality they may be, and with so many and with such mariners and men as they may wish to take with them in the said ships, at their own proper costs and charges, to find, discover and investigate whatsoever islands, countries, regions or provinces of heathens and infidels, in whatsoever part of the world placed, which before this time were unknown to all Christians.
Henry VII gave John Cabot royal permission to explore new lands.
... free authority, faculty and power to sail to all parts, regions and coasts of the eastern, western and northern sea, under our banners, flags and ensigns, with five ships or vessels of whatsoever burden and quality they may be, and with so many and with such mariners and men as they may wish to take with them in the said ships, at their own proper costs and charges, to find, discover and investigate whatsoever islands, countries, regions or provinces of heathens and infidels, in whatsoever part of the world placed, which before this time were unknown to all Christians.
First Voyage - "Since your Lordship wants information relating to the first voyage, here is what happened: he went with one ship, his crew confused him, he was short of supplies and ran into bad weather, and he decided to turn back."
Second Voyage - Leaving Bristol, the expedition sailed past Ireland and across the Atlantic, The exact location of the landfall has long been disputed. the expedition made no contact with any native people; the crew found the remains of a fire, a human trail, nets and a wooden tool. The crew appeared to have remained on land just long enough to take on fresh water; they also raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for the King of England and recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
Third Voyage - Cabot departed with a fleet of five ships from Bristol at the beginning of May 1498.
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The first European to claim sovereignty over Indigenous lands that now make up Brazil was Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 under the sponsorship of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Vespucci claimed to have understood, back in 1501 during his Portuguese expedition, that Brazil was part of a continent new to Europeans, which he called the New World. The claim inspired cartographer Martin Waldseemüller to recognize Vespucci's accomplishments in 1507 by applying the Latinized form "America" for the first time to a map showing the New World. Other cartographers followed suit, and by 1532 the name America was permanently affixed to the newly discovered continents.
Spanish Florida - 1513
1512 Juan Ponce de León, governor of Puerto Rico in Columbus' colony, received royal permission to search for land north of Cuba.
These lands had been reported of by slavers who were probably the first people to step on US soil.
These early explorers are called conquistadors which is Spanish for conquerors. They were motivated by adventure and finding their fortunes. They travelled in the name of their king and religion looking for honor and glory and fame.
Ponce de Leon travelled north looking for natives to make slaves, cities of gold and the fabled fountain of youth.
They traveled northwest and after a storm spotted a smudge of land on the horizon. This smudge spaded the entire horizon. He believed it to be a very large island. He claimed the land in the name of his king and the catholic church.
Native Americans had been living in Florida for at least 14,000 years when the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, who called it la Florida because it was Easter ("Pascua Florida" in Spanish) upon landing there. Spanish Florida was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. Spanish was the First European language spoken in USA.
They hadn't been on land long before getting attacked, arrows landed in the sand. they retreated back to the ships.
They then sailed around the tip of Florida and up the gulf coast thinking it was still a large island.
They landed near modern day fort Myers and were attacked by several war canoes. First documented death of a European in USA.
Where they encountered the Calusa, who refused to trade and drove off the Spanish ships by surrounding them with warriors in sea canoes armed with long bows.
Here Ponce de León anchored for several days to take on water and repair the ships. They were approached by Calusa, who initially indicated an interest in trading, but relations soon turned hostile. Several skirmishes followed with casualties on both sides. The Spaniards captured eight Calusa (four men and four women) and seized five war canoes abandoned by the retreating warriors. On 5 June, a final confrontation occurred when some 80 Calusa warriors attacked a party of eleven Spanish sailors. The result was a standoff with neither party willing to come within striking distance of their opponents weapons.
Once they regained their bearings, the fleet retraced their route east along the Florida Keys and around the Florida peninsula, reaching Grand Bahama on 8 July. They were surprised to come across another Spanish ship, piloted by Diego Miruelo, who was either on a slaving voyage or had been sent by Diego Colón to spy on Ponce de León. Shortly thereafter Miruelo's ship was wrecked in a storm and Ponce de León rescued the stranded crew.
Ponce de Leon left, went back to Spain and received much congratulations. The King sent him back to Florida with horses, priests and soldiers.
Before the settlement could be established, the colonists were attacked by the Calusa, the indigenous people who dominated southern Florida and whose principal town was nearby. Ponce de León was mortally wounded in the skirmish when, historians believe, a poisoned arrow struck his thigh. The expedition immediately abandoned the colonization attempt and sailed to Havana, Cuba, where Ponce de León soon died of his wounds. He was buried in Puerto Rico in 1521.
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Fall of Aztec Empire- 1521
Hernan Cortes was Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility. he was trained as a lawyer and this was key to his success. Cortés chose to pursue adventure and riches in the New World. He left for Hispaniola in 1504 and became a colonist.
Cortés reached Hispaniola in a ship commanded by Alonso Quintero, who tried to deceive his superiors and reach the New World before them in order to secure personal advantages. Quintero's mutinous conduct may have served as a model for Cortés in his subsequent career. The history of the conquistadores is rife with accounts of rivalry, jockeying for positions, mutiny, and betrayal.
Upon his arrival in 1504 in Santo Domingo, the capital of Hispaniola, the 18-year-old Cortés registered as a citizen; this entitled him to a building plot and land to farm. His next five years seemed to help establish him in the colony; in 1506, Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba. The expedition leader awarded him a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his efforts.
Velázquez was so impressed with Cortés that he secured a high political position for him in the colony. However, As time went on, relations between Cortés and Governor Velázquez became strained. Cortés also found time to become romantically involved with Catalina Juárez, the sister-in-law of Governor Velázquez. Part of Velázquez's displeasure seems to have been based on a belief that Cortés was trifling with Catalina's affections. Cortés was temporarily distracted by one of Catalina's sisters but finally married Catalina, reluctantly, under pressure from Governor Velázquez. However, by doing so, he hoped to secure the good will of both her family and that of Velázquez.
It was not until he had been almost 15 years in the Indies that Cortés began to look beyond his substantial status as mayor of the capital of Cuba and as a man of affairs in the thriving colony. He missed the first two expeditions, under the orders of Francisco Hernández de Córdoba and then Juan de Grijalva, sent by Diego Velázquez to Mexico in 1518.
The Expedition
1518, Velázquez put Cortés in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. At the last minute, due to the old argument between the two, Velázquez changed his mind and revoked Cortés's charter. Velázquez sent Luis de Medina with orders to replace Cortés. However, Cortés's brother-in-law allegedly had Medina intercepted and killed. Cortes ignored the orders and, in an act of open mutiny, went anyway.
In 1519, Hernan Cortes and his men landed on the Yucatan peninsula in Mayan Indian territory. Accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men (including seasoned slaves), 13 horses, and a small number of cannons. The conquistadors arrived in Mesoamerica with steel swords, muskets, cannons, pikes, crossbows, dogs and horses. None of these assets had yet been used in battle in the Americas. The Aztec fought the Spanish with wooden broadswords, clubs and spears tipped with obsidian blades. But their weapons proved ineffective against the conquistadors’ metal armor and shields.
Montezuma
Was the emperor of the great Aztec empire of the region.
Received word of the approaching Spanish. Told that they rode on strange deer, they had sticks that fired lightning and had beasts that spat rocks
Geronimo Agulliar
Cortes and his men came across a castaway priest named Geronimo who was a survivor of a shipwreck.
Geronimo and 11-12 other survivors were captured by the local Maya tribe and scheduled to be sacrificed to Maya gods. Five of them met this fate. Others died of disease and, in the case of the women, overworked as slaves. Here Geronimo was able to learn the language of their captors.
Eventually Geronimo and a fellow captor named Guerrero were able to escape and found friendlier Mayans who welcomed them as equals. The two men were offered wives His continued faith to his religious vows led him to refuse the offers of women made to him by the chief. However, Guerrero accepted and fathered the first mestizo children in the Americas.
When Cortes found the two men he discovered they had learnt the language of the Mayans and would be pretty useful to him in his conquest. Geronimo agreed to leave with Cortes. Geronimo and Cortes asked Guerrero to come with them but he declined and wanted to stay with his wife and children. Although Guerrero's later fate is somewhat uncertain, it appears that for some years he continued to fight alongside the Maya forces against Spanish incursions.
March 1519, Cortés formally claimed the land for the Spanish crown. Then he proceeded to Tabasco, where he met with resistance and won a battle against the natives. He received twenty young indigenous women from the vanquished natives, and he converted them all to Christianity. women were baptized and distributed among Cortés's men, not only as servants, but also to be raped. Among these women was La Malinche.
La Malinche
La Malinche was a chief man's daughter and a young woman knew both the Mayan and Aztec languages. Malinche's talent was discovered when the Spaniards encountered the Aztec people. Their leader Moctezuma had sent them to inspect the Spanish he'd heard about. but Geronimo could not understand them. When it was realized that Malinche could converse with the Aztecs, Cortés promised her “more than liberty” if she would help him find and communicate with Moctezuma. Cortes learned of the Aztec Empire and that they had much gold. He decided those were people he needed to defeat, bring under Spanish rule and make him rich.
We Spaniards know a sickness of the heart that only gold can cure.- Cortes
While passing through Mexico, Cortes and the Spanish began fighting the local tribes of Tlaxcala and Texcoco.
Although the Tlaxcalans were initially hostile to the Spaniards and their allies, they later permitted the Spaniards to enter the city. After Cortés continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, and realizing the Spanish were enemies of Moctezuma, they decided that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them. The Tlaxcalans negotiated an alliance with the Spaniards through Malinche and Aguilar translating back and forth in Spanish, Mayan and Aztec languages.
The integration of the indigenous allies, essentially, those from Tlaxcala and Texcoco, into the Spanish army played a crucial role in the conquest. Cortes' army was now only 5% Spanish.
Veracruz
By this time Cortes felt that he had a good chance of defeating the Aztec empire. However his original mission he was assigned, of trading and exploring had been completed. He decided that he would found a town he named Veracruz and have them vote him in as the mayor. He had left Hispaniola illegally after being replaced for the mission he left without approval. He was now acting further illegally by creating his own missions and settlements without asking. He hoped that if he was successful enough that the Queen of Spain would forgive his crimes and make him rich and famous. Meanwhile in Hispaniola, Velazquez was getting angry with Cortes and trying to decide what to do.
During this same period, soon after he arrived, Cortés was welcomed by representatives of the Aztec Emperor, Moctezuma II. Gifts were exchanged, and Cortés attempted to frighten the Aztec delegation with a display of his firepower.
Men still loyal to Velazquez planned to seize a ship and escape back to Hispaniola, but Cortés moved swiftly to squash their plans. Two leaders were condemned to be hanged; two were lashed, and one had his foot mutilated. To make sure such a mutiny did not happen again, he decided to purposely sink his ships.
In Veracruz, he met some of the tributaries of the Aztecs and asked them to arrange a meeting with Moctezuma the ruler of the Aztec Empire. Moctezuma repeatedly turned down the meeting, but Cortés was determined. Leaving a hundred men in Veracruz, Cortés marched on Tenochtitlán in mid-August 1519.
Marching to Cholula
October 1519, Cortés and his men, accompanied by about 1,000 Tlaxcalteca, marched to Cholula, the second-largest city in central Mexico. Cortés, either in a pre-meditated effort to instill fear upon the Aztecs waiting for him at Tenochtitlan or (as he later claimed, when he was being investigated) wishing to make an example when he feared native treachery, massacred thousands of unarmed members of the nobility gathered at the central plaza, then partially burned the city.
Cortés had arrived to Cholula and he was supposed to meet Moctezuma here. The Cholulas were allies to the Aztecs and worshipped the same Gods. Their culture had built the largest pyramid by volume known to exist in the world today. A huge structure to their Gods.
The main deities worshipped by the Aztecs were Tlaloc, a rain and storm deity, Huitzilopochtli a solar and martial deity and the tutelary deity of the Mexica tribe, Quetzalcoatl, a wind, sky and star deity and cultural hero, Tezcatlipoca, a deity of the night, magic, prophecy and fate.
Since Cholula was allied with the Aztecs, the Spanish and their new allies were suspicious of this arrangement. There are two accounts of what happened next. Spanish accounts tell of Cortés being warned through La Malinche of a plot to attack the Spanish. Cortés called the leaders of the city to the central square of the city where the Spanish were with their weapons. On signal, the Spanish charged and killed as many as six thousand Chololtecs. However, the Aztec record states that the Spanish attack was unprovoked and there was no plot against them. The event is called the Cholula Massacre, and it resulted in many deaths and destruction of much of the city.
Cortes & La Malinche
La Malinche quickly learned Spanish, and became Cortés's primary interpreter, confidant, consort, cultural translator, and the mother of his first son, Martin. Until Cortés's marriage to his second wife, a union which produced a legitimate son whom he also named Martin, Cortés's natural son with Marina was the heir of his envisaged fortunes.
Tenochtitlán
Cortes reached Tenochtitlan, which was the largest city in the Americas at the time. It was built on an island in the middle of a lake. Floating wooden roads connected each side of the island so that canoes could travel feely around the city.
Long ago the Aztec people were searching for the perfect location for their new city. There was a prophecy told that when they would find an eagle with a snake in its talons sat on a cactus, that would be their city.
Montezuma and his warriors rushed to meet Cortes and his soldiers on the wooden bridges. Moctezuma and his chiefs were adorned with blazing gold on their shoulders with feathers and jewels. On the causeway where the two groups met, enormous numbers of people from Tenochtitlan watched the exchange. Moctezuma went to greet Cortés with his brother, Cuitlahuac, and his nephew, Cacamatzin. Cortés strode ahead of his commanders and attempted to embrace Moctezuma, but was restrained by Cuitlahuac and Cacamatzin. Cortés was not permitted to touch the emperor; no one was allowed. Cortes used his interpreters, speaking to Geronimo who spoke to La Malinche who spoke to Montezum. After the exchange, Montezuma promised to treat them as guests under his protection.
The Spanish were given lodgings and toured the city at night. They were really impressed with the sprawling city. At the center of the city was a huge, steep pyramid.
When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men arrived in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521, they described witnessing a grisly ceremony. Aztec priests, using razor-sharp blades, sliced open the chests of sacrificial victims and offered their still-beating hearts to the gods. They then tossed the victims’ lifeless bodies down the steps of the towering Templo Mayor.
The rationale for Aztec human sacrifice was, first and foremost, a matter of survival. According to Aztec cosmology, the sun god Huitzilopochtli was waging a constant war against darkness, and if the darkness won, the world would end. The keep the sun moving across the sky and preserve their very lives, the Aztecs had to feed Huitzilopochtli with human hearts and blood.
Human sacrifice also served another purpose in the expanding Aztec empire of the 15th and 16th century: intimidation. The ritual killing of war captives and the large-scale displaying of skulls were visceral reminders of the strength of the empire and the extent of its dominion. DNA tests of recovered victims from the Templo Mayor site show that the vast majority of those sacrificed were outsiders, likely enemy soldiers or slaves. So the sacrifices were seen as righteous punishment. In Europe at the time, criminals, heretics and enemies of nations were being burned at the stake, hanged and beheaded so the gap between European values and Aztec values weren't as wide as they first seem.
Aztec Warriors
Jaguar class
Eagle class
Obsidian blades
That night, the taxcala became nervous of being surrounded and in return, made the Spanish nervous.
That morning Cortes went and spoke with Montezuma. Cortes had seen the two Aztec God idols at the top of the temple and suggested that he should be able to place their idol of the virgin mary along side them. Montezuma was insulted and refused.
Tensions were raised over the next week and at one point some Aztecs killed 7 Spaniards that were outside the city. Cortes was furious and the Taxcala saw it as an assassination.
Cortés along with five of his captains and Doña Marina and Aguilar, convinced Moctezuma to "come quietly with us to our quarters, and make no protest...if you cry out, or raise any commotion, you will immediately be killed." Moctezuma became Cortés' prisoner as insurance against any further resistance. However, Moctezuma continued to act as Emperor, subject to Cortés' overall control.
Cortés sent expeditions to investigate the Aztec sources of gold in the provinces of Zacatula, Tuxtepec, and the land of the Chinantec. Moctezuma was then made to pay a tribute to the Spanish King, which included his father's treasure. These treasures, the Spaniards melted down to form gold bars stamped with an iron die. Finally, Moctezuma let the Catholic conquistadors build an altar on their temple, next to the Aztec idols.
April 1520, Cortés was told, that a much larger party of Spanish troops, consisting of nineteen ships and fourteen hundred soldiers under the command of Pánfilo de Narváez, had arrived. Pánfilo de Narváez had been sent by Governor Velázquez from Cuba to kill or capture Cortés, who had defied Velazquez's orders.
Leaving his "least reliable soldiers" under the command of the headstrong Pedro de Alvarado to guard Moctezuma, Cortés set out against De Narváez, who had advanced onto Cempoala.
On May 27, 1520, Cortés men moved in on Narváez's camp at Cempoala under the cover of a driving rain, and quickly took control of the artillery and horses before entering the city. Narváez took a stand at the main temple of the city of Cempoala with a contingent of musketeers and crossbowmen. Finally Gonzalo de Sandoval arrived with reinforcements to Cortés who managed to set the main temple on fire, driving out Narváez and his men. Narváez was severely wounded, losing his right eye to a pike thrust. He was taken prisoner and spent two years as a prisoner at the garrison of Veracruz before he was sent back to Spain. His men, who had been promised gold by Cortés, joined the conquistadors and returned to Tenochtitlan where they participated in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Cortés surprised his antagonist with a night attack, during which his men wounded Narváez in the eye and took him prisoner. After Cortés permitted the defeated soldiers to settle in the country, they "passed with more or less willingness to Cortés' side." Hernán Cortés gained their support when he "promised to make them rich" Cortés then made a rapid return to Tenochtitlan, to relieve the besieged Alvarado and the other invaders.
When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan in late May, he found that Alvarado and his men had attacked and killed many of the Aztec nobility in the Massacre atnthe great temple. Alvarado's explanation to Cortés was that the Spaniards had learned that the Aztecs planned to attack the Spanish garrison in the city once the festival was complete, so he had launched a pre-emptive attack. Whether or not this is true is hard for historians to discover.
Fierce fighting ensued, and the Aztec troops besieged the palace housing the Spaniards and Moctezuma. Alvarado and the rest of the Spanish were held hostage by the Aztecs for a month. The nobility of Tenochtitlan chose Cuitláhuac as ruler. Cortés ordered Moctezuma to speak to his people from a palace balcony and persuade them to let the Spanish return to the coast in peace. Moctezuma was jeered and stones were thrown at him, mortally wounding Moctezuma. Aztec sources state the Spaniards killed him.
The Spanish and their allies, including the Tlaxcala, had to flee the central city, as the people of Tenochtitlan had risen against them. The Spanish's situation could only deteriorate. Because the Aztecs had removed the bridges over the gaps in the causeways that linked the city to the surrounding lands, Cortés' men constructed a portable bridge to cross the water of the lake.
The retreat quickly turned into a rout. The Spanish discovered that they could not remove their portable bridge unit from the first gap, and so had no choice but to leave it behind. The bulk of the Spanish infantry, left behind by Cortés and the other horsemen, had to cut their way through the masses of Aztec warriors opposing them. Many of the Spaniards, weighed down by their armor and booty, drowned in the causeway gaps or were killed by the Aztecs. Much of the wealth the Spaniards had acquired in Tenochtitlan was lost. The bridge was later called "Alvarado's Leap" because it seemed Alvarado escaped across an invisible bridge. (He may have been walking on the bodies of those soldiers and attackers who had preceded him, given the shallowness of the lake.)
The Spanish were able to complete their escape to Tlaxcala where they were given assistance.
Cortés got reinforcements and supply ships arrived from Cuba and Spain.
On 14 July 1520, the Aztecs attempted to destroy the Spanish for good at the Battle of Otumba. Although hard-pressed, the Spanish infantry was able to hold off the overwhelming numbers of enemy warriors, while the Spanish cavalry under the leadership of Cortés charged through the enemy ranks again and again. When Cortés and his men killed one of the Aztec leaders, the Aztecs broke off the battle and left the field.
The Aztecs were struck by a smallpox plague starting in September 1520, which lasted seventy days. Many were killed, including their new leader, the Emperor Cuitlahuac.
The joint forces of Tlaxcala and Cortés proved to be formidable. One by one they took over most of the cities under Aztec control, some in battle, others by diplomacy. In the end, only Tenochtitlan and the neighboring city of Tlatelolco remained unconquered or not allied with the Spaniards.
Siege of Tenochtitlan
Cortés then approached Tenochtitlan and mounted a siege of the city that involved cutting the causeways from the mainland and controlling the lake with armed brigantines constructed by the Spanish and transported overland to the lake. The Siege of Tenochtitlan lasted eight months. The besiegers cut off the supply of food and destroyed the aqueduct carrying water to the city.
Cortés also had built 13 brigantines then had them mounted with cannons, turning Lake Texcoco into a strategic body of water to assault Tenochtitlan.
During the battle, the defenders cut the beating hearts from seventy Spanish prisoners-of-war at the temple altar hoping that the Gods would help them. An act that infuriated the Spaniards.
The siege came to an end when the newly appointed emperor attempted to escape the city on a canoe. He was captured and the aztecs surrendered.
Cortes set about deatroying the aztec temples and idols and replacing them with Christian ones. They trained cannons on the main temple and reduced it to rubble. The surviving Aztec people were forbidden to live in Tenochtitlan and the surrounding isles, and were banished to live in Tlatelolco. Cortes renamed the city Mexico city and became its governor.
Spanish men who helped conquer the land were given indian slaves by the Spanish crown.
Many historical sources have conveyed an impression that Cortés was unjustly treated by the Spanish Crown, and that he received nothing but ingratitude for his role in establishing New Spain. However, there may be more to the picture than this. Cortés's own sense of accomplishment, entitlement, and vanity may have played a part in his deteriorating position with the king.
Cortés's wife Catalina Súarez arrived in New Spain around summer 1522, along with her sister and brother. His marriage to Catalina was at this point extremely awkward, since she was a kinswoman of the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, whose authority Cortés had thrown off and who was therefore now his enemy. Catalina lacked the noble title of doña, so at this point his marriage with her no longer raised his status. Their marriage had been childless. Since Cortés had sired children with a variety of indigenous women, including a son around 1522 by his cultural translator, Doña Marina, Cortés knew he was capable of fathering children. Cortés's only male heir at this point was illegitimate, but nonetheless named after Cortés's father, Martín Cortés. This son Martín Cortés was sometimes called "El Mestizo".
Catalina Suárez died under mysterious circumstances the night of November 1–2, 1522. There were accusations at the time that Cortés had murdered his wife. There was an investigation into her death, interviewing a variety of household and it produced a scandal but Cortés was now free to marry someone of high status more appropriate to his wealth and power. He married the Spanish noblewoman Doña Juana. The marriage produced three children, including another son, who was also named Martín. As the first-born legitimate son, he would inherit everything that belonged to Cortes.
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1522- First circumnavigation of the globe. Magellan. Only 30 years after the Americas discovered. (See Sea Route) Magellean who the voyage is named after actually died while the ship was in asia but the ship completed the first complete loop without him.
https://youtu.be/D-i-emUOTfk
First person to circle the globe is likely a slave on the ship but eurocentric minds likely never realized.
https://youtu.be/llYzVzrjk8c
1526- Portuguese, in the 16th century, were the first to engage in the Atlantic slave trade. Shipping Africans from Angola to Brazil. In 1526, they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to Brazil, and other Europeans soon followed.
Slavery had existed in America prior to this but they were captured natives.
1526- Spanish set up settlement in south Carolina. the colony lasted two months before it was overwhelmed by disease, hunger, a slave uprising, and a Native American population that responded in a hostile manner to the invading colonizers, whose earlier scouts had enslaved hundreds of Native Americans and taken them to Santo Domingo. Of the 600 would-be settlers who set out, only about 150 lived to leave. The escaped slaves lived with the natives.
1527- Narváez expedition
Partifico de Narvaez who tried to stop Cortes from conquering Mexico was given permission to carry own his own exhibition with the consent of the Spanish crown. He was now older and thanks to Cortes and his men, had one eye and had spent 2 years in a jail in Mexico.
Carlos I of Spain, granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States for the Kingdom of Spain. The contract gave him one year to gather an army, leave Spain, found at least two towns of one hundred people each, and garrison two additional forts anywhere along the coast.
Most of the expedition's 600 men were soldiers, chiefly from Spain and Portugal, including some of mixed African descent, and some 22 from Italy.
The explorers arrived in Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) sometime in August 1527. During the stay, troops began deserting. Although always a problem on such expeditions, the men may also have deserted because of hearing about the recent return of an expedition led by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, in which 450 of 600 men perished. Nearly 100 men deserted the Narváez expedition in the first month in Santo Domingo. The expedition stopped here to purchase horses, as well as two small ships for exploring the coastline. Although Narváez was able to buy only one small ship, he set sail once again.
On about October 30, the two ships arrived in Trinidad to collect requisitioned supplies and seek additional crew. A hurricane arrived shortly after they did. During the storm, both ships sank, 60 men were killed, a fifth of the horses drowned, and all the new supplies acquired in Trinidad were destroyed.
At this point, the expedition had about 400 men and 80 horses. The winter layover caused a depletion of supplies, and they planned to restock in Havana on the way to the Florida coast.
After battling more storms, the expedition rounded the western tip of Cuba and made its way toward Havana. Although they were close enough to see the masts of ships in port, the wind blew the fleet into the Gulf of Mexico without their reaching Havana. Narváez decided to press on with the journey and colonization plans. They spent the next month trying to reach the Mexican coast but could not overcome the Gulf Stream's powerful current.
Arrival in Florida
On April 12, 1528, the expedition spotted land north of what is now Tampa Bay. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for what the pilot Miruelo described as a great harbor. During these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost. Finally, after spotting a shallow bay, Narváez ordered entry. They passed into Boca Ciega Bay north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. They spotted buildings set upon earthen mounds, encouraging signs of culture (and wealth), food, and water. The natives have since been identified as members of the Safety Harbor Culture. The Spaniards dropped anchors and prepared to go ashore. Narváez landed with 300 men in Boca Ciega Bay at what is known as the Jungle Prada Site in present-day St. Petersburg.
The comptroller Alonso Enríquez was one of the first ashore. Making his way to the nearby native village, he traded items such as glass beads, brass bells, and cloth for fresh fish and venison. Narváez ordered the rest of the company to debark and establish a camp.
The next day, the royal officials assembled ashore and, with ritual, performed the formal declaration of Narváez as royal governor of La Florida. He read (in Spanish) the Requerimiento, which stated to any natives listening that their land belonged to Charles V by order of the Pope. He also said that natives had the choice of converting to Christianity. If they converted, they would be loved and welcomed with open arms; if they chose not to, war would be made against them. The expedition ignored both pleas and threats by a party of natives the next day.
After some exploring, Narváez and some other officers discovered Old Tampa Bay. They headed back to the camp and ordered Miruelo to pilot a brigantine (brig) in search of the great harbor he had talked about. If he was unsuccessful, he should return to Cuba. Narváez never regained contact with Miruelo or any of the crew of the brig.
Meanwhile, Narváez took another party inland, where they found another village, perhaps Tocobaga.[9] The villagers were using Spanish freight boxes as coffins. The Spanish destroyed these and found a little food and gold. The locals told them that there was plenty of both in Apalachee to the north. After returning to their base camp, the Spanish made plans to head north.
Narváez splits forces
On May 1, 1528, Narváez made the decision to split the expedition into land and sea contingents. He planned to have an army of 300 march overland to the north while the ships, with the remaining 100 people, sailed up the coast to meet them. He believed the mouth to Tampa Bay to be a short distance to the north, when in fact it was to the south. Cabeza de Vaca argued against this plan, but was outvoted by the rest of the officers. Narváez wanted Cabeza de Vaca to lead the sea force, but he refused. He later wrote it was a matter of honor, as Narváez had implied he was a coward.
The men marched in near-starvation for two weeks before coming upon a village north of the Withlacoochee River. They enslaved the natives and for three days helped themselves to corn from their fields. They sent two exploratory parties downstream on both sides of the river looking for signs of the ships, but found none. Narváez ordered the party to continue north to Apalachee.
Years later, Cabeza de Vaca learned what had become of the ships. Miruelo had returned to Old Tampa Bay in the brigantine and found all the ships gone. He sailed to Havana to pick up the fifth ship, which had been supplied, and brought it back to Tampa Bay. After heading north for some time without finding the party on land, commanders of the other three ships decided to return to Tampa Bay. After meeting, the fleet again searched for the land party for nearly a year before finally departing for Mexico. Juan Ortiz, a member of the naval force, was captured by the Uzita. He later escaped to Mocoso, where he lived until rescued by Hernando de Soto's expedition.
Meeting the Timucua
From scout reports, the Timucua knew the Spanish party was nearing their territory. They decided to meet the Europeans as they came near on June 18. Through hand signs and gestures, Narváez communicated to their chief, Dulchanchellin, that they were headed to Apalachee. Dulchanchellin appeared pleased by this (it turned out the Apalachee were his enemies).
After the two leaders exchanged gifts, the expedition followed the Timucua into their territory and crossed the Suwannee River. During the crossing, an officer named Juan Velázquez charged into it on his horse, and both drowned. His was the first non-shipwreck casualty of the expedition, and the men were disturbed by his death. The starving army cooked and ate his horse that night.
When the Spaniards arrived at the Timucua village on June 19, the chief sent them provisions of maize. That night, an arrow was shot past one of Narváez's men near a watering hole. The next morning, the Spaniards found the natives had deserted the village. They set out again for Apalachee. They soon realized they were being accompanied by hostile natives. Narváez laid a trap for the pursuing natives, and they captured three or four, whom they used as guides. The Spanish had no further contact with those Timucua.
Apalachee
On June 25, 1528, the expedition entered Apalachee territory. Finding a community of forty houses, they thought it was the capital, but it was a small outlying village of a much larger culture. The Spanish attacked, took several hostages including the village's cacique, and occupied the village. Although the villagers had none of the gold and riches Narváez was expecting, they did have much maize.
Soon after Narváez took the village, Apalachee warriors began attacking the Europeans. Their first attack was a force of 200 warriors, who used burning arrows to set fire to the houses the Europeans occupied. The warriors quickly dispersed, losing only one man. The next day a second force of 200 warriors, equipped with large bows, attacked from the opposite side of the village. This force also quickly dispersed and lost only one man.
After these direct attacks, the Apalachee changed to quick assaults after the Spanish started trekking again. They could fire their bows five or six times while the Spanish loaded a crossbow or harquebus, then fade away into the woods. They harassed the Spanish with guerrilla tactics continuously for the next three weeks. During this time, Narváez sent out three scouting missions in search of larger or wealthier towns. All three came back without good news. Frustrated by misfortune and failing health, Narváez ordered the expedition to head south. The Apalachee and Timucua captives told him that the people of Aute had a great deal of food, and their village was near the sea. The party had to cross a large swamp to reach the place.
For the first two days out of the village, the Spaniards were not attacked, but once they were up to their chests in water in the swamp, the Apalachee attacked them with a shower of arrows. Nearly helpless, the Spanish could neither use their horses nor quickly reload their heavy weapons, and they found their armor weighing them down in water. After regaining solid ground, they drove off the attackers. For the next two weeks, they made their difficult way through the swamp, occasionally under attack by the Apalachee.
When the Spanish finally reached Aute, they found the village already deserted and burnt. They harvested enough corn, beans, and squash from the garden to feed their party, many of whom were starving, wounded and sick. After two days, Narváez sent Cabeza de Vaca to look for an opening to the sea. He did not find the sea, but after half a day's march along the Wakulla River and St. Marks River, he found shallow, salty water filled with oyster beds. Two more days of scouting produced no better results, and the men returned to tell Narváez the news.
Narváez decided to go to the oyster beds for the food. With many of the horses carrying the sick and wounded, the Spanish realized they were struggling for survival. Some considered cannibalism to survive. During the march, some of the caballeros talked about stealing their horses and abandoning everyone else. Although Narváez was too ill to take action, Cabeza de Vaca learned of the plan and convinced them to stay.
After a few days stuck near the shallow waters, one man came up with a plan: he suggested reforging their weaponry and armor to make tools and to build new boats to sail to Mexico. The party agreed and started action on August 4, 1528.
They constructed a forge out of a log and used deerskins for the bellows. They cut down trees and made charcoal for the forge. Then they made hammers, saws, axes, and nails out of their iron gear. Caulking was made from the pitch of pine trees, and palmetto leaves were used as oakum. They sewed shirts together for sails. Occasionally they raided the Aute village, from which they stole 640 bushels of corn to sustain themselves during the construction. Twice, within sight of the camp, ten men gathering shellfish were killed by Apalachee raids.
The men killed their horses for food and material while they were building the boats – one horse every three days. They used horsehair to braid rope and the skins for water storage bags. As horses were highly valued by the Spanish, especially the nobility, they named the bay, now known as Apalachee Bay, "Bahia de los Caballos" in honor of the sacrifice of the animals.
Naveaz believed Mexico wasnt far away and that they should construct rafts to cross the gulf.
September 20, they had finished building five boats. They sailed on September 22, 1528. After being ravaged by disease, starvation, and attacks by the various peoples they intended to conquer, 242 men had survived. About 50 men were carried by each boat, which were thirty to forty feet long and had a shallow draft, sail, and oars.
is not known for certain where and when Narvaez died. The last man to see Narvaez alive and tell of it was Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a junior officer of the expedition. He recounted that in their final conversation, he asked Narvaez for help -- the men on Narvaez's raft were better fed and stronger than those with Cabeza de Vaca. Narvaez refused, basically saying “every man for himself,” according to Cabeza de Vaca. The rafts were wrecked in a storm and only 80 men survived the sinking of the rafts; Narvaez was not among them.
Closely following the Gulf Coast, the boats proceeded to the west, but frequent storms, thirst and starvation reduced the expedition to about 80 survivors before a hurricane cast Cabeza de Vaca and his remaining men on the western shore of a barrier island. Historians believe they landed at present-day Galveston, Texas.
By 1532, only four members of the original expedition survived: Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, and Estevanico, an enslaved Moor. They headed west and gradually south hoping to reach the Spanish Empire's outpost in Mexico, becoming the first men of Europe and Africa to enter Southwestern North America. Their precise route has been difficult for historians to determine, but they apparently traveled across present-day Texas, perhaps into New Mexico and Arizona, and through Mexico's northern provinces near the Pacific Coast before turning inland.
In July 1536, near Culiacán in present-day Sinaloa, the survivors encountered fellow Spaniards on a slave-taking expedition for New Spain. As Cabeza de Vaca wrote later, his countrymen were "dumbfounded at the sight of me, strangely dressed and in the company of Indians. They just stood staring for a long time." The Spaniards accompanied the survivors to Mexico City.
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1532- Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire
1526–1529 – Francisco Pizarro make first contact with the Incan Empire in Northern South America. After hearing of Hernan Cortes and his great success they attempt to do the same and win the same fame and fortune. Smallpox had been travelling down from Mexico after the Spanish brought it there. It began wiping out the Incas too. Smallpox actually killed the Incan Chief man and a civil war ensued. By the time Pizarro returned with the Queen's permission to conquer the Incans, they were going through a period of upheaval.
After traveling with the Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Native captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers, Cinquinchara said that they should be killed because they were evil thieves who took whatever they wanted, and were "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death.
Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto to the Inca leader's camp. Soto rode to meet Atahualpa on his horse, an animal that Atahualpa had never seen before. With one of his young interpreters, Soto read a prepared speech to Atahualpa telling him that they had come as servants of God to teach them the truth about God's word. He said he was speaking to them so that they might
"lay the foundation of concord, brotherhood, and perpetual peace that should exist between us, so that you may receive us under your protection and hear the divine law from us and all your people may learn and receive it, for it will be the greatest honor, advantage, and salvation to them all."
Additionally, they invited the Incan leader to visit Pizarro at his quarters along the Cajamarca plaza. When De Soto noticed Atahualpa's interest in his horse, he put on a display of "excellent horsemanship" in close proximity. Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving refreshments.
Atahualpa responded only after Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro, arrived. He replied with what he had heard from his scouts, saying that Spanish were killing and enslaving countless numbers on the coast. Pizarro denied the report and Atahualpa, with limited information, reluctantly let the matter go. At the end of their meeting, the men agreed to meet the next day at Cajamarca.
(Find video of the next bit)
Pizarro, de Soto and their men organized an ambush at the main square at Cajamarca. 168 men with 60 horses and cannons. Atahualpa showed up with 6,000 followers. A friar and translator came out to read aloud the "Spanish Requirement of 1513" which threatened them to convert to Christianity or die. The communication was a failure and when the friar offered Atahulpa the bible (an object he was unfamiliar with), he threw it to the floor. This disrespect was taken as a rejection of their religion.
Cannons opened fire on the Incans from hidden places. The Spanish would record the chaos as a brave battle but with 2,000 dead Incans and 1 wounded Spaniard, Historians would record it as a massacre. Cannons, horses, armor and guns were too much for the unprepared Incans.
After Atahualpa was captured at the massacre at Cajamarca, he was treated with respect, allowed his wives to join him, and the Spanish soldiers taught him the game of chess. During Atahualpa's captivity, the Spanish, although greatly outnumbered, forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not. According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca; he needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace. The treasure began to be delivered from Cuzco on 20 December 1532 and flowed steadily from then on. By 3 May 1533 Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested; it was melted, refined, and made into bars.
Canada founded- 1534- Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas" after the Iroquoian names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).
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1539- Hernando De Soto lands in Tampa Bay and travels into Georgia, Alabama and across the Mississippi river.
Visit historic site in Bradenton
In 1559 Tristán de Luna y Arellano established the first settlement in Pensacola but, after a violent hurricane destroyed the area, it was abandoned in 1561.
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St Augustine founded - 1565
In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière founded Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, as a haven for Huguenot Protestant refugees from religious persecution in France. Further down the coast, in 1565 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded San Agustín (St. Augustine) which is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in any U.S. state. It is second oldest only to San Juan, Puerto Rico, in the United States' current territory.
Florida was never more than a backwater region for Spain and served primarily as a strategic advantage. The coastal towns of Pensacola and St. Augustine also provided ports where Spanish ships needing water or supplies could call.
1566- Marin De Arguelles Jr- first European known to be born in what is now the USA. English centricity focuses on the first English child.
St. Augustine became the most important settlement in Florida. Little more than a fort, it was frequently attacked and burned, with most residents killed or fled. It was notably devastated in 1586, when English sea captain and sometime pirate Sir Francis Drake plundered and burned the city. Catholic missionaries used St. Augustine as a base of operations to establish over 100 far-flung missions throughout Florida. They converted 26,000 natives by 1655, but a revolt in 1656 and an epidemic in 1659 proved devastating. Pirate attacks and British raids were unrelenting, and the town was burned to the ground several times until Spain fortified it with the Castillo de San Marcos (1672)
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Drake's circumnavigation- 1580
After continuing north, hoping to find a route back across to the Atlantic, Drake sailed further up the west coast of America than any European and landed in present-day California, claiming the land for England and naming it New Albion.
Roanoke Colony - 1585
Virginia Dare
1592 - 100 years after discovery
New Mexico
Don Juan de Oñate led the first Spanish effort to colonize the region in 1598, establishing Santa Fe de Nuevo México as a province of New Spain. Under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement of San Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modern Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. Juan de Oñate was banished and exiled from New Mexico by the Spanish, after his rule was deemed cruel towards the indigenous population. New Mexico's second Spanish governor, Don Pedro de Peralta, however, founded a new city at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in 1607, which he called La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, the Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, which it has almost constantly remained, making it the oldest state capital in the United States.
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Late in 1606, English, German and Polish colonists set sail with a charter from the London Company to establish a colony in the New World. The fleet consisted of the ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed. The London Company hoped to make a lot of money in the New World. They sent gold smiths and business men. They made a particularly long voyage of four months, including a stop in the Canary Islands in Spain, and subsequently Puerto Rico, and finally departed for the American mainland on April 10, 1607. The expedition made landfall on April 26, 1607, at a place which they named Cape Henry. Under orders to select a more secure location, they set about exploring and they named the James River in honor of King James I of England. On May 14, they selected a piece of land on a large peninsula some 40 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement. The river channel was a defensible strategic point due to a curve in the river, and it was close to the land, making it navigable and offering enough land for piers or wharves to be built in the future. Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was uninhabited because the leaders of the nearby indigenous nations considered the site too poor and remote for agriculture. The island was swampy and isolated, and it offered limited space, was plagued by mosquitoes, and afforded only brackish tidal river water unsuitable for drinking.
The Jamestown settlers arrived in Virginia during a severe drought. This severe drought affected the Jamestown colonists and Powhatan tribe's ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water.
Supplies were sent from England. However, two-thirds of the settlers died before ships arrived in 1608 with supplies. These ships also added to the number of hungry settlers. It seemed certain at that time that the colony at Jamestown would meet the same fate as earlier English attempts to settle in North America, specifically the Roanoke Colony (Lost Colony).
The German settlers even planned to join a rumored Spanish attack on the colony and urged the Powhatans to join it. The Spanish were driven off by the timely arrival in July 1609 of Captain Samuel Argall in a larger ship than the Spanish reconnaissance ship.
The investors of the Virginia Company of London expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments. With the Second Supply, they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form. They specifically demanded that the colonists send commodities sufficient to pay the cost of the voyage, a lump of gold, assurance that they had found the South Sea, and one member of the lost Roanoke Colony. It fell to the third president of the Council Captain John Smith to deliver a bold and much-needed wake-up call in response to the investors in London, demanding practical laborers and craftsmen who could help make the colony more self-sufficient.
The financiers agreed and sent the biggest supply yet. However, they became shipwrecked on Bermuda for 9 months. While the Third Supply was stranded in Bermuda, the colony at Jamestown was in even worse shape. In the "Starving Time" of 1609–1610, the Jamestown settlers faced rampant starvation for want of additional provisions. "They would rather starve than work." During this time, lack of food drove people to eat snakes and even boil the leather from shoes for sustenance. Only 60 of the original 214 settlers at Jamestown survived. There is scientific evidence that the settlers at Jamestown had turned to cannibalism during the starving time.
The ships from Bermuda arrived in Jamestown on May 23, 1610. Many of the surviving colonists were near death, and Jamestown was judged to be unviable. Everyone was boarded onto Deliverance and Patience, which set sail for England. However, on June 10, 1610, the timely arrival of another relief fleet, bearing Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (who would eventually give his name to the colony of Delaware), which met the two ships as they descended the James River. The fleet brought not only supplies, but also additional settlers. The retreating colonists were forced to turn around. All the settlers returned to the colony, though there was still a critical shortage of food.
Smith was then injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion and sailed to England on October 4, and the colony began to starve.
John Smith was replaced by Francis West, who took over and then gave Chief Powhatan the ultimatum of either returning all colonists and their property or facing war. Powhatan responded by insisting that the colonists either stay in their fort or leave Virginia. West had the hand of a Paspahegh captive cut off and sent him to the Powhatan with another ultimatum: Return all colonists and their property or the neighboring villages would be burned. Powhatan did not respond
The First Anglo–Powhatan War lasted from 1610 to 1614 between the Powhatans and the colonists. Thomas West sent 70 men to attack the Paspahegh capital on August 9, 1610, burning the houses and cutting down their cornfields. They killed between 65 and 75 villagers, and captured one of Wowinchopunk's wives and her two children. Returning downstream, the colonists decided to throw the children overboard and shot them in the water. The "queen" herself, whom Davis wanted to burn alive, was executed back in Jamestown. The Paspahegh never recovered from this attack and abandoned their town. The Indians carried out several skirmishes during the winter.
Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by the Colonists during hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she was encouraged to convert to Christianity and was baptized under the name Rebecca. She married tobacco planter John Rolfe in April 1614 aged about 17 or 18.
Fact Checking Pocahotas
https://www.voanews.com/usa/abductees-emissaries-and-showmen-native-americans-england#:~:text=Squanto%20wasn't%20the%20first,%2C%20some%20unwillingly%2C%20some%20voluntarily.&text=University%20of%20British%20Columbia%20historian,author%20of%20%E2%80%9CIndigenous%20London.%E2%80%9D
1614 - The Indians and Settlers had peaceful relations for 8 years. Over those 8 years, more and more Europeans arrived and settled in the new lands. New Netherlands founded (New Jersey & New York) new Amsterdam
About 1,000 lived in Jamestown. In 1619-20 or so Africans arrived in the New World as both freemen and indentured servants. At this time slaves could be black, white or Indian.
On June 30, 1619 Slovak and Polish artisans conducted the first labor strike (first "in American history") for democratic rights ("No Vote, No Work") in Jamestown and granted the workers equal voting rights on July 21, 1619. Afterwards, the labor strike was ended and the artisans resumed their work.
In 1622, Chief Opechancanough organized a surprise attack on the settlement and killed 347 of the 1,000.
Powhatan war practice was to wait and see what would happen after inflicting such a blow, in hopes that the settlement would simply abandon their homeland and move on elsewhere. However, English military doctrine called for a strong response, and the colonial militia marched out nearly every summer for the next 10 years and made assaults on Powhatan settlements. The Accomac and Patawomeck allied with the colony. Opechancanough sued for peace in 1623. The colonists arranged to meet the Indians for a peace agreement, but poisoned their wine, then fell upon them shooting them and killing many in revenge for the massacre.
A shortage of gunpowder in the colony delayed the colonists from going on marches in 1625 and 1626. The Indians seem not to have been aware of this shortage, and were themselves desperately trying to regroup.
By 1634, a palisade (stockade) was completed across the Virginia Peninsula. The colony ordered the construction of three frontier forts. Opechancanough was taken to Jamestown and imprisoned. Very old and infirm, unable to even move without assistance, Opechancanough died in captivity in October of 1646, murdered by his English guard.
In October 1646 the General Assembly of Virginia signed a peace treaty with Necotowance, King of the Indians, which brought the Third Anglo-Powhatan War to an end. In the treaty, the tribes of the Confederacy became tributaries to the King of England, paying a yearly tribute to the Virginia governor. At the same time, a racial frontier was delineated between Indian and colonial settlements, with members of each group forbidden to cross to the other side except by a special pass obtained at one of the border forts.
Bacon's Rebellion - 1676
Myth Moment: America was a meritocratic society: the harder you worked the more prosperous you could be. Unlike England at the time, upward mobility was possible.
Truth: Early America was ruled by a rich class of people who could afford to travel such distances to find fame and fortune. Men from notable families were usually placed in charge. They recruited people as indentured servants who would work 7 years and then gain their freedom and land. This opportunity was denied to non-male, non-Christians, non- whites for centuries.
Once these indentured servants gained their freedom they were given dangerous lands inland. The richer class of people lived by the coast where it was safer and trade was easier. Poor landowners inland often got attacked and killed.
The leader William Berkley preferred diplomatic relations with the native populations but was also living in safety near the coast. A man by the name of Nathaniel Bacon lead a rebellion of about 400 men and marched on Jamestown. He was fed up with the natives and wanted all out war against them. They charged Berkley with betrayal "For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty’s loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us."
The mob chased Berkley and everyone else out of the main Jamestown settlement and then burnt the town.
Before a Royal Navy squadron could arrive to aid Berkeley and his forces, Bacon died on October 26 from dysentery. Governor Berkeley returned to power. He seized the property of several rebels for the colony and executed 23 men by hanging.
Several of men who joined the rebellion were Africans and the ruling class looked to avoid the lower classes joining together. They introduced the 1705 Virginia Slave Codes.
- Established new property rights for slave owners
- Allowed for the legal, free trade of slaves with protections granted by the courts
- Established separate courts of trial
- Prohibited Blacks, regardless of free status, from owning arms [weapons]
- Whites could not be employed by blacks
- Allowed for the apprehension of suspected runaways
Squanto
Squanto was a native American from New England.
Went to Spain
Went to England
back to New England to find his whole tribe missing or dead.
Joined the pilgrims
Pilgrims of Plymouth - 1620
Get cookies named after tribes
In England, groups of Christians were unhappy with the dominant Church of England. They disapproved of wedding rings, Christmas, parties on Saturday nights, dancing between men and women, hymns and the Organ. The king of England encouraged revelry after harvest work and the puritans saw this as godless and reacted angrily. Usually people had to go to church by law. They believed themselves to be more Christian than most Christians.
They were persecuted by their fellow Englishmen. Archbishop Tobias Matthew raided homes and imprisoned several members.
Mayflower
The puritans sought to find a new home where they could practice their religion without persecution. They purchased the Mayflower and the Speedwell from Southampton. The Speedwell kept leaking and the ship had to dock in Plymouth, England and crowd everyone into the Mayflower. 102 passengers and about 30 crew members. It was speculated that the crew of the Speedwell had intentionally sabotaged the ship to avoid having to make the treacherous trans-Atlantic voyage.
They set off in the Mayflower. 102 passengers and 30 crew members. There were many obstacles throughout the trip, including multiple cases of seasickness and the bending and cracking of a main beam of the ship. One death occurred. The seas were not severe during the first month in the Atlantic but, by the second month, the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales, causing it to be badly shaken with water leaks from structural damage. They were aiming for Virginia but ended up hundreds of miles off course. It took 2 months to reach America.
The Pilgrims did not have a patent to settle this area, and some passengers began to question their right to land, complaining that there was no legal authority to establish a colony. In response to this, a group of colonists drafted and signed the first governing document of the colony, the Mayflower Compact, The Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 21, 1620. Signing the covenant were 41 of the ship's 101 passengers.
On December 21, 1620, the first landing party arrived at the site of Plymouth. Plans to build houses, however, were delayed by bad weather until December 23. As the building progressed, 20 men always remained ashore for security purposes while the rest of the work crews returned each night to the Mayflower. Women, children, and the infirm remained on board the Mayflower, and many had not left the ship for six months. The first structure was a common house of wattle and daub, and it took two weeks to complete in the harsh New England winter. In the following weeks, the rest of the settlement slowly took shape.
During the winter, the Mayflower colonists suffered greatly from lack of shelter, diseases such as scurvy, and general conditions on board ship. Many of the men were too infirm to work; 45 out of 102 pilgrims died.
Thanksgiving - 1621
The event that Americans commonly call the "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621. This feast lasted three days, and—as recounted by attendee Edward Winslow— was attended by 90 Wampanoag and 53 Pilgrims.
A thanksgiving happened previously in Virginia, the group's charter from the London Company, which required "that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned ... in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."
Historians at the University of Florida argue that the earliest Thanksgiving service in what is now the United States was celebrated by the Spanish community on September 8, 1565, in current Saint Augustine, Florida.
Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, with a proclamation by President George Washington after a request by Congress. President Thomas Jefferson chose not to observe the holiday, and its celebration was intermittent until President Abraham Lincoln, in 1863, proclaimed a national day of "Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens", to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November. On June 28, 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Holidays Act that made Thanksgiving a yearly appointed federal holiday in Washington D.C. On January 6, 1885, an act by Congress made Thanksgiving, and other federal holidays, a paid holiday for all federal workers throughout the United States. Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the date was moved to one week earlier, observed between 1939 and 1941 amid significant controversy. From 1942 onwards, Thanksgiving, by an act of Congress, signed into law by FDR, received a permanent observation date, the fourth Thursday in November, no longer at the discretion of the President.
1629- New Hampshire founded
1632- Providence of Maryland founded. Catholic friendly
1636- Connecticut founded by puritans
1636- Rhode Island Colony founded. Religiously free.
1636- Harvard founded
1638- Colony of New Sweden founded, 1655 it's captured by Netherlands and made part of New Netherlands. Sweden was too busy fighting a war in Europe to defend the far away settlement.
Myth Moment: The First Settlers Sought Religious Freedom
Truth: Most people moved to the US not for religious freedom but to find fame and fortune. Those that did leave for religious freedom, were seeking freedom to practice their religion and not universal freedom of religion for all. The Puritans exhibited intolerance of other religious views, including Quaker, Anglican and Baptist theologies. The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were the most active of the New England persecutors of Quakers. Christmas was outlawed in Boston from 1659 until 1681 because it was seen as an idolatrous tradition of catholic church.
Quakers
They emphasize direct experience of God rather than ritual and ceremony. They believe that priests and rituals are an unnecessary obstruction between the believer and God. they believed in equality of the sexes and races.
Look up myths about the puritans
1643 - Anne Hutchinson
1649- Maryland Toleration Act
Catholics were tired of being persecuted. They finally had their own colony. Outlawed discrimination of non-Christians but approved the death sentence of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.
1650- Quakers arrive in the new world.
1650 - British establish colony in South America and call it Willoughby land (now Suriname) Later captured by the Dutch and deal made for British to keep New Amsterdam and Netherlands to keep Suriname.
1659 - To be a Quaker was made illegal and if they refused to leave the Massachusetts Bay colony they would be killed. 3 such Quakers refused and were arrested and sentenced to death. They spoke as they were led there, but their words were drowned out by the sound of drums. After they had taken leave of one another, William Robinson ascended the ladder. He told the people it was their day of visitation, and desired them to mind the light within them, the light of Christ, his testimony for which he was going to seal with his blood. At this the Puritan minister shouted, "Hold thy tongue, thou art going to die with a lie in thy mouth." The rope was adjusted, and as the executioner turned the condemned man off, he said with his dying breath, "I suffer for Christ, in whom I live and for whom I die."
1660- A woman by the name of Mary Dyer converted from puritan to Quaker
https://youtu.be/4Med0n-Yyao
https://youtu.be/6TaRE6_wc-c
Endicott: Are you the same Mary Dyer that was here before?
Dyer: I am the same Mary Dyer that was here the last General Court.
Endicott: You will own yourself a Quaker, will you not?
Dyer: I own myself to be reproachfully so called.
Endicott: Sentence was passed upon you the last General Court; and now likewise—You must return to the prison, and there remain till to-morrow at nine o'clock; then thence you must go to the gallows and there be hanged till you are dead.
Dyer: This is no more than what thou saidst before.
Endicott: But now it is to be executed. Therefore prepare yourself to-morrow at nine o'clock.
Dyer: I came in obedience to the will of God the last General Court, desiring you to repeal your unrighteous laws of banishment on pain of death; and that same is my work now, and earnest request, although I told you that if you refused to repeal them, the Lord would send others of his servants to witness against them.
At nine in the morning, Mary Dyer once again departed the jail and was escorted to the gallows. Her former pastor, John Wilson, urged her to repent and to not be "so deluded and carried away by the deceit of the devil." To this she answered, "Nay, man, I am not now to repent."
The military commander, Captain John Webb, recited the charges against her and said she "was guilty of her own blood." Dyer's response was:
Nay, I came to keep bloodguiltiness from you, desiring you to repeal the unrighteous and unjust law of banishment upon pain of death, made against the innocent servants of the Lord, therefore my blood will be required at your hands who willfully do it; but for those that do is in the simplicity of their hearts, I do desire the Lord to forgive them. I came to do the will of my Father, and in obedience to his will I stand even to the death.
— Dyer's words as she prepared to hang
1663- Carolina Colony Founded named after the Latin for King Charles II of England
1664 - New Amsterdam captured by the English and renamed New York. On August 27, 1664, while England and the Dutch Republic were at peace, four English frigates sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender, effecting the bloodless capture of New Amsterdam. On September 6, the local Dutch deciding not to offer resistance. In June 1665, New Amsterdam was reincorporated under English law as New York City, named after the Duke of York (later King James II).
Praying Indian towns
Between 1651 and 1675, the court created 14 praying towns, but only Natick and Punkapoag had full church status with independent congregations
1675 - King Phillip's War
The cause of the war stems from the increasing numbers of English colonists and their demand for land. As more land was purchased from the Native Americans, they were restricted to smaller territories for themselves. Native American leaders such as King Philip resented the loss of land and looked for a means to slow or reverse it.
John Sassamon was a member of the Massachusett tribe, he had been introduced to Christianity and learned to speak English. Because of Sassamon's intelligence and ability to speak English, Eliot arranged for Sassamon to take classes at Harvard College in 1653. Sassamon had been an advisor and friend to King Philip; however, Sassamon's conversion to Christianity had driven the two apart. Sassamon warned Josiah Winslow, the governor of the Plymouth Colony, about an impending Indian attack being planned by Metacomet (King Philip). The Puritans discounted his warning. Soon afterward, Sassamon was reported missing. On January 29, 1675, his body was discovered in a nearby lake.
Philip had already begun war preparations at his home base near Mount Hope where he started raiding English farms and pillaging their property. In response, Governor Josiah Winslow called out the militia, and they organized and began to move on Philip's position. King Philip's men attacked unarmed women and children in order to receive a ransom. One such attack resulted in the capture of Mary Rowlandson. The memoirs of her capture provided historians with much information on Native American culture during this time period.
The war continued through the rest of 1675 and into the next year. The English were constantly frustrated by the Native Americans' refusal to meet them in pitched battle. They employed a form of guerrilla warfare that confounded the English. Captain Benjamin Church continuously campaigned to enlist the help of friendly Native Americans to help learn how to fight on an even footing with Philip's warrior bands, but he was constantly rebuffed by the Plymouth leadership who mistrusted all Native Americans, thinking them potential enemies.
The English gave permission to grant amnesty to any captured Native Americans who would agree to join the English side, and his force grew immensely. Philip was killed by a Pocasset Indian, and the war soon ended as an overwhelming English victory.
1681- Pennsylvania founded by Quakers. Religiously free.
1692 - 200 years since discovery.
1706- Benjamin Franklin born
1712- King Grant's land ownership to 8 dukes, barons and lords for North Carolina and South Carolina.
1718- French founded New Orleans
1721- There has been no evidence discovered that Greenland was known to Europeans until the 10th century, when Icelandic Vikings settled on its southwestern coast, which seems to have been uninhabited when they arrived. The ancestors of the Inuit Greenlanders who live there today appear to have migrated there later, around AD 1200, from northwestern Greenland. While the Inuit survived in the icy world of the Little Ice Age, the early Norse settlements along the southwestern coast disappeared, leaving the Inuit as the only inhabitants of the island for several centuries. During this time, Denmark-Norway, apparently believing the Norse settlements had survived, continued to claim sovereignty over the island despite the lack of any contact between the Norse Greenlanders and their Scandinavian brethren. In 1721, aspiring to become a colonial power, Denmark-Norway sent a missionary expedition to Greenland with the stated aim of reinstating Christianity among descendants of the Norse Greenlanders who may have reverted to paganism. When the missionaries found no descendants of the Norse Greenlanders, they baptized the Inuit Greenlanders they found living there instead. Denmark-Norway then developed trading colonies along the coast and imposed a trade monopoly and other colonial privileges on the area.
1732- Colony of Georgia founded and named after king George. The governor, James Ogelthorpe, banned slavery and alcohol. Mostly because he felt that they might negatively influence the working class farmers.
1732- George Washington born
1735- John Adams born
1737- Thomas Paine born
1743- Jefferson is born
1749- Georgia overturns its ban on slavery
1751- Madison is born
1755- Alexander Hamilton born
1758- James Monroe is born
Result
Indian lifestyle change. Agriculture to nomadic.
Lies my teacher told me - 106-108
British and French running out of new land and start competing against one another. Resulting with the Seven years War.
- 26 US state Names are of Native American Origins
| Census year | Population | Growth rate |
|---|---|---|
| 1610 | 350 | N/A |
| 1620 | 2,302 | 557.71% |
| 1630 | 4,646 | 101.82% |
| 1640 | 26,634 | 473.27% |
| 1650 | 50,368 | 89.11% |
| 1660 | 75,058 | 49.02% |
| 1670 | 111,935 | 49.13% |
| 1680 | 151,507 | 35.35% |
| 1690 | 210,372 | 38.85% |
| 1700 | 250,888 | 19.26% |
| 1710 | 331,711 | 32.21% |
| 1720 | 466,185 | 40.54% |
| 1730 | 629,445 | 35.02% |
| 1740 | 905,563 | 43.87% |
| 1750 | 1,170,760 | 29.29% |
| 1760 | 1,593,625 | 36.12% |
| 1770 | 2,148,076 | 34.79% |
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